Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)
Question 1: Probability and Random Processes
August 2003
Question
Problem 1 (30 points)
i)
Let $ \mathbf{X} $ and $ \mathbf{Y} $ be jointly Gaussian (normal) distributed random variables with mean $ 0 $ , $ E\left[\mathbf{X}^{2}\right]=E\left[\mathbf{Y}^{2}\right]=\sigma^{2} $ and $ E\left[\mathbf{XY}\right]=\rho\sigma^{2} $ with $ \left|\rho\right|<1 $ . Find the joint characteristic function $ E\left[e^{i\left(h_{1}\mathbf{X}+h_{2}\mathbf{Y}\right)}\right] $ .
ii)
Let $ \mathbf{X} $ and $ \mathbf{Y} $ be two jointly Gaussian distributed r.v's with identical means and variances but are not necessarily independent. Show that the r.v. $ \mathbf{V}=\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y} $ is independeent of the r.v. $ \mathbf{W}=\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y} $ . Is the same answer true for $ \mathbf{A}=f\left(\mathbf{V}\right) $ and $ \mathbf{B}=g\left(\mathbf{W}\right) $ where $ f\left(\cdot\right) $ and $ g\left(\cdot\right) $ are suitable functions such that $ E\left[f\left(\mathbf{V}\right)\right]<\infty $ and $ E\left[g\left(\mathbf{W}\right)\right]<\infty $ . Given reasons.
iii)
Let $ \mathbf{X} $ and $ \mathbf{Y} $ be independent $ N\left(m,1\right) $ random variables. Show that the sample mean $ \mathbf{M}=\frac{\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y}}{2} $ is independent of the sample variance $ \mathbf{V}=\left(\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{M}\right)^{2}+\left(\mathbf{Y}-\mathbf{M}\right)^{2} $ .
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Problem 2 (35 points)
Consider the stochastic process $ \left\{ \mathbf{X}_{n}\right\} $ defined by: $ \mathbf{X}_{n+1}=a\mathbf{X}_{n}+b\mathbf{W}_{n} where \mathbf{X}_{0}\sim N\left(0,\sigma^{2}\right) $ and $ \left\{ \mathbf{W}_{n}\right\} $ is an i.i.d. $ N\left(0,1\right) $ sequence of r.v's independent of $ \mathbf{X}_{0} $ .
i)
Show that if $ R_{k}=cov\left(\mathbf{X}_{k},\mathbf{X}_{k}\right) $ converges as $ k\rightarrow\infty $ , then $ \left\{ \mathbf{X}_{k}\right\} $ converges to a w.s.s. process.
ii)
Show that if $ \sigma^{2} $ is chosen appropriately and $ \left|a\right|<1 $ , then $ \left\{ \mathbf{X}_{k}\right\} $ will be a stationary process for all $ k $ .
iii)
If $ \left|a\right|>1 $ , show that the variance of the process $ \left\{ \mathbf{X}_{k}\right\} $ diverges but $ \frac{\mathbf{X}_{k}}{\left|a\right|^{k}} $ converges in the mean square.
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Problem 3 (35 points)
i)
Catastrophes occur at times $ \mathbf{T}_{1},\mathbf{T}_{2},\cdots $, where $ \mathbf{T}_{i}=\sum_{k=1}^{i}\mathbf{X}_{k} $ where the $ \mathbf{X}_{k} $ 's are independent, identically distributed positive random variables. Let $ \mathbf{N}_{t}=\max\left\{ n:\mathbf{T}_{n}\leq t\right\} $ be the number of catastrophes which have occurred by time $ t $ . Show that if $ E\left[\mathbf{X}_{1}\right]<\infty $ then $ \mathbf{N}_{t}\rightarrow\infty $ almost surely (a.s.) and $ \frac{\mathbf{N}_{t}}{t}\rightarrow\frac{1}{E\left[\mathbf{X}_{1}\right]} $ as $ t\rightarrow\infty $ a.s.
ii)
Let $ \left\{ \mathbf{X}_{t},t\geq0\right\} $ be a stochastic process defined by: $ \mathbf{X}_{t}=\sqrt{2}\cos\left(2\pi\xi t\right) $ where $ \xi $ is a $ N\left(0,1\right) $ random variable. Show that as $ t\rightarrow\infty,\;\left\{ \mathbf{X}_{t}\right\} $ converges to a wide sense stationary process. Find the spectral density of the limit process.
Hint:
Use the fact that the characteristic function of a $ N\left(0,1\right) $ r.v. is given by $ E\left[e^{ih\mathbf{X}}\right]=e^{-\frac{h^{2}}{2}} $ .
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