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2016 AC-2 P1. (a) $ X=\begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} y \\ \dot{y} \end{bmatrix} $

$ \begin{cases} \dot{x}=\begin{bmatrix} \dot{x_1} \\ \dot{x_2} \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} x_2 \\ -2x_1 x_2-u x_1+2u \end{bmatrix}\\ y=x_1 \end{cases} $

(b) $ u \equiv 2 $

$ \dot{x} =\begin{bmatrix} x_2 \\ -2x_1 x_2-2x_1+4 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} x_2 \\ -2x_1 (x_2+1)+4 \end{bmatrix} $

let $ \begin{cases} -2x_1 (x_2+1)+4=0 \\ x_2=0 \end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} -2x_1 +4=0 \\ x_2=0 \end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} x_1=2 \\ x_2=0 \end{cases} $

$ \therefore The \; equilibrum\; point\; is \;x_e=\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} $

(c) $ u \equiv 2 \quad x_e=\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad let \;x=f(x) $

The Jacobin of $ \dot{x} $ is: $ \begin{align} Df(x)= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -2x_1-2 & -2x_1 \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $

The linear dynamics around $ x_e $ is $ \frac{d}{dt}f(x)=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -2 & -4 \end{bmatrix} f(x) $

which is stable, locally stable at $ x_e $.

P2. i) $ x[k+1]=A x[k] $

$ y[k]=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}x[k] $

let $ x_[k]=\begin{bmatrix} a\\ b \end{bmatrix} \quad y[0]=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} a\\ b \end{bmatrix}=1 $

$ -a+b=1 $

$ y[1]=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}x[1]=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 4 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}x[0]=0 $

$ x[1]=Ax[0] $

$ 3a+2b=0 $

$ \therefore a=-\frac{2}{5} \quad b=\frac{3}{5} $

$ x[0]=\begin{bmatrix} -\frac{2}{5}\\ \frac{3}{5} \end{bmatrix} $

ii)$ x[0]=\begin{bmatrix} a\\ b \end{bmatrix} \quad x[2]=Ax[1]=A^2x[0] $

$ A^2=0 \quad x[2]=0 $

$ y[2]=[-1 \quad 1]\quad x[2]=0 \quad y[1]=[-1 \quad 1] \quad x[1]=1 $

$ [-1\quad 1]\quad \begin{bmatrix} 2 &4\\ -1&2 \end{bmatrix}\quad\begin{bmatrix} a\\ b \end{bmatrix}=1 $

we only have -3a-2b=1,so we can't uniquely determine a,b.

P3 (a)$ \lambda I-A=\begin{bmatrix} \lambda+2&-4\\ 1&\lambda-2 \end{bmatrix} $

$ \lambda_1=\lambda_2=0 $

$ \begin{bmatrix} -2-\lambda_1 & 4\\ -1 & 2-\lambda_1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} u_1 \\ u_2 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0 \end{bmatrix} $

$ \begin{cases} -2u_1-\lambda_1u_1+4u_2=0\\ -u_1+2u_2-\lambda_1u_2=0 \end{cases} $

$ u_1=2u_2 $

$ \therefore eigenvector \begin{bmatrix} u_1\\ u_2 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 2\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} $

$ J=MAM^{-1} $

(b)$ e^{At}=L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} (SI-A)^{-1} \end{bmatrix}=L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{s-2}{s^2} & \frac{4}{s^2} \\ \frac{-1}{s^2} & \frac{s+2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix} $

$ L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{s-2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}= L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{s}-\frac{2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}=1-2t $

$ L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{4}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}=4t $

$ L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{-1}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}=-t $

$ L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{s+2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}=L^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{s}+\frac{2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix}=1+2t $

$ e^{At}=\begin{bmatrix} 1-2t & 4t\\ -t & 1+2t \end{bmatrix} $

(c)T(s)=$ C(SI-A)^{-1}B $

=$ [-1 \quad 1] \quad \begin{bmatrix} \frac{s-2}{s^2} & \frac{4}{s^2} \\ \frac{-1}{s^2} & \frac{s+2}{s^2} \end{bmatrix} \quad \begin{bmatrix} 2\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} $

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