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AC-2 2014

P1. (a)i) $ \begin{bmatrix} x_1(t) \\ x_2(t) \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -1 &-\frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & -1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x_1(t) \\ x_2(t) \end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix} \frac{x_0(t)}{2} \\ \frac{x_3(t)}{2} \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -1 &-\frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & -1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x_1(t) \\ x_2(t) \end{bmatrix}+begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{2}&0 \\ 0& \frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x_0(t) \\ x_3(t) \end{bmatrix} $

ii) $ A=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & -1 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & 0 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} -\frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & -\frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix} $


$ e^A=\begin{bmatrix} e^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-1} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} e^{-\frac{1}{2}} & 0 \\ 0 & e^\frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & -\frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix}=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix} e^{-\frac{3}{2}}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}} & -e^{-\frac{3}{2}}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}} \\ -e^{-\frac{3}{2}}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}} & e^{-\frac{3}{2}}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}} \end{bmatrix} $

iii) $ \lambda _1=-\frac{1}{2} \lambda _2=-\frac{3}{2}\\ stable \\ X(t)\rightarrow X(\infty) \\ as \\ t\rightarrow \infty $ $ e^{At}=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix} e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}t} & e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}t} \\ e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}t} & e^{-\frac{3}{2}t}+e^{-\frac{1}{2}t} \end{bmatrix} t\rightarrow \infty e^{At}\rightarrow\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} $ $ X(t)=e^{At}X(0)+\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{t}e^{A(t-I)}BU dI \end{matrix} =e^{At}X(0)+\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{t}e^{A(t-I)}dI BU \end{matrix} $ $ X(\infty)=e^(Atrightarrow\infty)X(0)+0Bu=X(0)=\begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} $

(b)$ X(t)=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 &0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & -1 & \frac{1}{2}\\ 0 & \frac{1}{2} & -1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}U(t) $


ii) Can’t resolve the rest of questions


P2 $ \lambda _1=1 \\ \lambda _2=-1 \\ \lambda _3=2 \\ not stable $

$ C=\begin{bmatrix} B & AB & A^2B \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 5 & 11 \end{bmatrix} \\ rank=2 \\ not controllable 0=\begin{bmatrix} C \\ CA \\ CA^2 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\\ rank=1 \\ not observable $

For$ \lambda _1=1 \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A & B \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ -2 & 2 & 0 & 1 \\ -5 & 4 & -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}=3 \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A \\ C \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ -2 & 2 & 0 \\ -5 & 4 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}=3 \\ $

For$ \lambda _2=-1 \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A & B \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ -2 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ -5 & 4 & -3 & 2 \end{bmatrix}=2 \\ uncontrollable \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A \\ C \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 0 & 0 \\ -2 & 0 & 0 \\ -5 & 4 & -3 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}=2 \\ unobservable $

For$ \lambda _3=2 \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A & B \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ -2 & 3 & 0 & 1 \\ -5 & 4 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}=3 \\ rank\begin{bmatrix} \lambda I-A \\ C \end{bmatrix}=rank\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -2 & 3 & 0 \\ -5 & 4 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}=3 \\ The only uncontrollable and unobservable \lambda has negative real part \\ Stablizable and detectable $

$ H(S)=C(SI-A)^{-1}B+D=(\frac{1}{S-1}}-\frac{2}{(S+1)(S-1)}}-\frac{8}{(S-1)(S+1)(S-2)}})=\frac{S^2-3S-6}{(S-1)(S+1)(S-2)}} \\ P_1=1 \\ P_2=-1 \\ P_3=2 not all poles have neqative real parts \\ not BIBO stable $

P3

Alumni Liaison

Correspondence Chess Grandmaster and Purdue Alumni

Prof. Dan Fleetwood