Text slecture - Rhea

1. Introduction
2. Definition of Downsampling
   
3. Derivation of DTFT of downsampled signal
   
4. Example
5. Conclusion
6. References

Introduction

This slecture provides definition of downsampling, derives DTFT  downsampled signal and demonstrates it in a frequency domain. Also, it explains process of decimation and why it needs a low-pass filter.

Definition of Downsampling

Downsampling is an operation which involves throwing away samples from discrete-time signal. Let  x[n] be a digital-time signal shown below:

GRAPH

 then y[n] will be produced by downsampling x [n]  by factor D = 3. So, y [n] = x[Dn].

GRAPH

As seen in above graph, y [n] is obtained by throwing away some samples from x [n]. So, y [n] is a downsampled signal from

x [n].

Derivation of DTFT of downsampled signal

Let x (t) be a continuous time signal. Then x₁ [n] = x (T₁n) and  x₂ [n] = x (T₂n). And ratio of sampling periods would be

D = T₂/T₁,   which is an integer greater than 1. From these equations we obtain realtionship between x₁ [n] and x₂ [n].

$ \begin{align} x_2 [n] = x(T_2 n) = x(DT_1 n) = x_1 [nD] \end{align} $

Below we derive Discrete-Time Fourier Transform of x₂ [n] in terms of DTFT of x₁ [n].

$ \begin{align} &\mathcal{X}_2(\omega)= \mathcal{F}(x_2 [n]) = \mathcal{F}(x_1 [Dn])\\ &= \sum_{n = -\infty}^\infty x_1[Dn] e^{-j \omega n} = \sum_{m = -\infty}^\infty x_1[m] e^{-j \omega {\frac{m}{D}}}\\ &= \sum_{n = -\infty}^\infty s_D[m]* x_1 [m] e^{-j \omega {\frac{m}{D}}}\\ \end{align} $

where

$ s_D [m]=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 1,& \text{ if } n \text{ is a multiple of } 4,\\ 0, & \text{ else}. \end{array}\right. = {\frac{1}{D}} \sum_{k = -\infty}^{D-1} e^{jk {\frac{2 \pi}{D} m}} $

$ \begin{align} &\mathcal{X}_2(\omega)= \sum_{m = -\infty}^\infty {\frac{1}{D}} \sum_{k = -\infty}^{D-1} e^{jk {\frac{2 \pi}{D} m}} x_1[m] e^{-j \omega {\frac{m}{D}}}\\ &= {\frac{1}{D}} \sum_{k = -\infty}^{D-1} \sum_{m = -\infty}^\infty x_1[m] e^{-jm ({\frac{\omega - 2 \pi k}{D}})} = \\ &= {\frac{1}{D}} \sum_{k = -\infty}^{D-1} \mathcal{X}_1 ({\frac{\omega - 2 \pi k}{D}}) \\ \end{align} $

Example

Let's take a look  at  an original signal X₁ (w) and  X₂ (w) which is obtained after downsampling X₁(w) by factor D = 2 in a frequency domain.

Downsampler is a part of a decimator which also has a low-pass filter to  prevent aliasing.  LPF reduces signal components which has  frequencies higher than cutoff frequency, which can be found from graphs shown above.

                             $ \begin{align} & D 2 \pi T_1 f_{max} < \pi\\ & {\frac{T_2}{T_1}} 2\pi T_1 f_{max} < \pi \\ & 2\pi T_2f_{max} < \pi \\ &f_{max} < {\frac{1}{2T_2}} \end{align} $

Conclusion