| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
*<math>x(t) = \int{X(2\pi f)e^{j2\pi ft} df } </math> | *<math>x(t) = \int{X(2\pi f)e^{j2\pi ft} df } </math> | ||
Similarily, in2D, we have: | Similarily, in2D, we have: | ||
| − | *Forward transform- <math>F(u,v) = \int{f(x,y)e^{-j2\pi(ux+vy)} dxdy } </math> | + | *Forward transform- <math>F(u,v) = \int\int{f(x,y)e^{-j2\pi(ux+vy)} dxdy } </math> |
| − | *Inverse transform- <math>f(x,y) = \int{F(u,v)e^{j2\pi(ux+vy)} dudv } </math> | + | *Inverse transform- <math>f(x,y) = \int\int{F(u,v)e^{j2\pi(ux+vy)} dudv } </math> |
Like 1D signals, properties such as the linearity, the shifting property, and so on, remained the same in 2D signals. | Like 1D signals, properties such as the linearity, the shifting property, and so on, remained the same in 2D signals. | ||
*'''Linearity:'''<math>\displaystyle af_1(x,y)+bf_2(x,y)------CSFT------ aF_1(u,v)+bF_2(u,v) </math> | *'''Linearity:'''<math>\displaystyle af_1(x,y)+bf_2(x,y)------CSFT------ aF_1(u,v)+bF_2(u,v) </math> | ||
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*'''Modulation:<math>f(x,y)e^{j2\pi(xu_o+yv_o)}----------CSFT---------F(u-u_o,v-v_o)</math>''' | *'''Modulation:<math>f(x,y)e^{j2\pi(xu_o+yv_o)}----------CSFT---------F(u-u_o,v-v_o)</math>''' | ||
*'''Reciprocity:'''<math>\displaystyle F(x,y)-------------CSFT ------f(-u,-v)</math> | *'''Reciprocity:'''<math>\displaystyle F(x,y)-------------CSFT ------f(-u,-v)</math> | ||
| − | *'''Parseval’s relation:<math>\int{|f(x,y)|^2dxdy }=\int{|F(u,v)|^2dudv } </math>''' | + | *'''Parseval’s relation:<math>\int\int{|f(x,y)|^2dxdy }=\int\int{|F(u,v)|^2dudv } </math>''' |
| − | *'''Initial value: <math>F(0,0)=\int{f(x,y)dxdy } </math>''' | + | *'''Initial value: <math>F(0,0)=\int\int{f(x,y)dxdy } </math>''' |
*'''If f(x,y) is real, the magnitued of F(u,v) is an even function; the angle of F(u,v) is an odd function.''' | *'''If f(x,y) is real, the magnitued of F(u,v) is an even function; the angle of F(u,v) is an odd function.''' | ||
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*Notes: if we are trying to draw circ(x,y) from a top view, it will look like a circle with a radius of ½. In the 3D plot, we keep the top view as a base, making the height as 1. The plot is a cylinder. | *Notes: if we are trying to draw circ(x,y) from a top view, it will look like a circle with a radius of ½. In the 3D plot, we keep the top view as a base, making the height as 1. The plot is a cylinder. | ||
Other important transform pairs: | Other important transform pairs: | ||
| − | *<math> \delta (x,y)---CSFT---1</math> | + | *<math>\displaystyle \delta (x,y)---CSFT---1</math> |
| − | + | *<math>\displaystyle 1---CSFT--- \delta (u,v)</math> | |
| − | *<math> 1---CSFT--- \delta (u,v)</math> | + | *<math>\displaystyle rect(x)---CSFT---sinc(u) \delta (v)</math> |
| − | + | *<math>\displaystyle \delta (x)--CSFT---\delta (v) </math> | |
| − | *<math> | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | *<math>\delta (x)--CSFT---\delta (v) </math> | + | |
| − | + | ||
*<math> e^{j2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)}---CSFT--- \delta (u-u_o,v-v_o)</math> | *<math> e^{j2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)}---CSFT--- \delta (u-u_o,v-v_o)</math> | ||
*<math> cos[2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)]---CSFT---\frac{1}{2} [\delta (u-u_o,v-v_o)+\delta (u+u_o,v+v_o)] </math> | *<math> cos[2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)]---CSFT---\frac{1}{2} [\delta (u-u_o,v-v_o)+\delta (u+u_o,v+v_o)] </math> | ||
Revision as of 05:42, 17 November 2009
Spectral Analysis of 2D Signals (Nov.16)
This recitation covers the material from Nov. 4 to Nov. 13. So far, we have introduced the basic knowledge of 2D signals. As a review, let us start from the Continuous-Space Fourier Transform(CSFT) definitons and its inverse transform. In 1D, we have:
- $ X(f) = \int{x(t)e^{-j2\pi ft} dt } $
- $ x(t) = \int{X(2\pi f)e^{j2\pi ft} df } $
Similarily, in2D, we have:
- Forward transform- $ F(u,v) = \int\int{f(x,y)e^{-j2\pi(ux+vy)} dxdy } $
- Inverse transform- $ f(x,y) = \int\int{F(u,v)e^{j2\pi(ux+vy)} dudv } $
Like 1D signals, properties such as the linearity, the shifting property, and so on, remained the same in 2D signals.
- Linearity:$ \displaystyle af_1(x,y)+bf_2(x,y)------CSFT------ aF_1(u,v)+bF_2(u,v) $
- Scaling:$ f(\frac{x}{a},\frac{y}{b})--------------CSFT--------|ab|F(au,bv) $
- Shifting: $ f(x-x_o,y-y_o)------------CSFT-------F(u,v)e^{-j2\pi(ux_o+vy_o)} $
- Modulation:$ f(x,y)e^{j2\pi(xu_o+yv_o)}----------CSFT---------F(u-u_o,v-v_o) $
- Reciprocity:$ \displaystyle F(x,y)-------------CSFT ------f(-u,-v) $
- Parseval’s relation:$ \int\int{|f(x,y)|^2dxdy }=\int\int{|F(u,v)|^2dudv } $
- Initial value: $ F(0,0)=\int\int{f(x,y)dxdy } $
- If f(x,y) is real, the magnitued of F(u,v) is an even function; the angle of F(u,v) is an odd function.
Before we go to the important transform pairs, the separability is a very important property of 2D signals. It enables us to transform 2D signals to our familiar 1D signals. given,
- $ g(x)-----CSFT-----------G(u) $
- $ h(y)---- CSFT-----------H(v) $
- $ f(x,y)-- CSFT------------F(u,v) $
If a function can be rewritten as $ \displaystyle f(x,y)=g(x)h(y) $; then, its fourier transform is $ \displaystyle F(u,v)=G(u)H(v) $.
- For example, $ \displaystyle rect(x,y)=rect(x)rect(y)----------CSFT------------sinc(u)sinc(v)=sinc(u,v) $
- Notes: If we are trying to draw rect(x,y) from a top view, it will just look like a square. In the 3D plot, keep the top view as a base, making the height as 1. The plot is a cube. Similar as sinc(u,v).
Another special function is the circ function and the jinc function.
- $ \displaystyle circ(x,y)------------CSFT----------------jinc(u,v) $
- Notes: if we are trying to draw circ(x,y) from a top view, it will look like a circle with a radius of ½. In the 3D plot, we keep the top view as a base, making the height as 1. The plot is a cylinder.
Other important transform pairs:
- $ \displaystyle \delta (x,y)---CSFT---1 $
- $ \displaystyle 1---CSFT--- \delta (u,v) $
- $ \displaystyle rect(x)---CSFT---sinc(u) \delta (v) $
- $ \displaystyle \delta (x)--CSFT---\delta (v) $
- $ e^{j2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)}---CSFT--- \delta (u-u_o,v-v_o) $
- $ cos[2\pi(u_ox+v_oy)]---CSFT---\frac{1}{2} [\delta (u-u_o,v-v_o)+\delta (u+u_o,v+v_o)] $
$ \displaystyle Convolution Theorem $
- $ f_1(x,y)**f_2(x,y)---CSFT---F_1(u,v)F_2(u,v) $
$ \displaystyle Product Theorem $
- $ f_1(x,y)f_2(x,y)---CSFT---F_1(u,v)**F_2(u,v) $
