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Since <math> ~F</math> is monotone and continuous, <math> m(F(E))=|F(b)-F(a)|=\left|\int_{a}^{b}f(t) dt \right| \leq \int_{E}|f(t)| dt </math>.
 
Since <math> ~F</math> is monotone and continuous, <math> m(F(E))=|F(b)-F(a)|=\left|\int_{a}^{b}f(t) dt \right| \leq \int_{E}|f(t)| dt </math>.
  
In general, <math> ~f=f^{+}-f^{-} </math>. Let <math> F^{+}=\int_{0}^{x}f^{+}(t)dt </math> and let <math> F^{-}=\int_{0}^{x}f^{-}(t)dt </math>
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In general, <math> m(F(E)) \leq \int_{a}^{b}f^{+}(t) dt + \int_{a}^{b} f^{-}(t)dt =\int_{a}^{b}|f(t)|dt </math>.
 
+
<math> m(F(E)) \leq \int_{a}^{b}f^{+}(t) dt + \int_{a}^{b} f^{-}(t)dt =\int_{a}^{b}|f(t)|dt </math>.
+
  
  
 
'''(Step 2)'''  <math>~E</math> : open set
 
'''(Step 2)'''  <math>~E</math> : open set

Revision as of 19:10, 21 July 2008

9.9. Let $ f \in L^{1}([0,1]) $ and let $ F(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt $. If $ ~E $ is a measurable subset of $ ~[0,1] $, show that

(a) $ F(E)=\{y: \exist ~x \in E $ with $ ~y=F(x)\} $ is measurable.

Proof.

Let $ \int_{0}^{1}|f(t)|dt=M<\infty $.

$ \forall ~ x,y \in [0,1] (x \leq y) $,

$ |F(y)-F(x)|=\int_{x}^{y}f(t)dt=\int_{0}^{1}f(t) \chi_{[x,y]}(t) dt~ \stackrel{\rm Holder} {\leq} ~\left(\int_{0}^{1}|f(t)|dt\right)~||\chi_{[x,y]}||_{\infty} = M|x-y| $.

Hence $ ~F $ is a Lipschitz map, which preserves measurability. This proves (a).


(b) $ m(F(E)) \leq \int_{E}|f(t)| dt $.

Proof.

(Step 1) $ ~E=(a,b) $

First assume that $ f \geq 0 $.

Since $ ~F $ is monotone and continuous, $ m(F(E))=|F(b)-F(a)|=\left|\int_{a}^{b}f(t) dt \right| \leq \int_{E}|f(t)| dt $.

In general, $ m(F(E)) \leq \int_{a}^{b}f^{+}(t) dt + \int_{a}^{b} f^{-}(t)dt =\int_{a}^{b}|f(t)|dt $.


(Step 2) $ ~E $ : open set

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Abstract algebra continues the conceptual developments of linear algebra, on an even grander scale.

Dr. Paul Garrett