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<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{2})^n u[-n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^{-n} u[-n]</math>  
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{2})^n u[-n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^{-n} u[-n]</math>  
  
−
Let k=-n, then
+
Let k=-n, then  
  
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^k u[k] = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (2z)^k</math>  
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^k u[k] = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (2z)^k</math>  
Line 35: Line 35:
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 5^n u[n-3] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} u[n-3]</math>  
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 5^n u[n-3] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} u[n-3]</math>  
  
−
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} = \frac{(\frac{5}{z})^3}{1-\frac{5}{z}}, if \quad |z| > 5 </math>  
+
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} = \frac{(\frac{5}{z})^3}{1-\frac{5}{z}} = (\frac{5}{z})^3 \frac{z}{z-5} , if \quad |z| > 5 </math>  
  
 
<math>
 
<math>
Line 58: Line 58:
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{5z})^n + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^k </math>  
 
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{5z})^n + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^k </math>  
  
−
<math>X(z) = \frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{5z}} + \frac{ \frac{z}{5}}{1-\frac{z}{5}} = </math>  
+
<math>X(z) = \frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{5z}} + \frac{ \frac{z}{5}}{1-\frac{z}{5}} = \frac{z}{z-\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{z}{5-z} , if \quad \frac{1}{5} < |z| < 5 </math>  
  
 
<math>
 
<math>
 
X(z) = \left\{
 
X(z) = \left\{
 
   \begin{array}{l l}
 
   \begin{array}{l l}
−
     \frac{1}{1-2z} &, if \quad |z| < \frac{1}{2}\\
+
     \frac{z}{z-\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{z}{5-z} &, if \quad \frac{1}{5} < |z| < 5 \\
 
     \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise}
 
     \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise}
 
   \end{array} \right.
 
   \end{array} \right.
Line 74: Line 74:
  
 
<math>x[n]= 2^{n}u[n]+ 3^{n}u[-n+1]  \ </math>
 
<math>x[n]= 2^{n}u[n]+ 3^{n}u[-n+1]  \ </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (2^{n}u[n]+ 3^{n}u[-n+1]) z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 2^{n}u[n] z^{-n} + \sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^{m}u[-m+1] z^{-m} </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n u[n] + \sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{3}{z})^{m}u[-m+1] </math>
 +
 +
Let k = -m+1, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n u[n] + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^{k-1}u[k] = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n + \frac{3}{z} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^{k} </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z) = \frac{1}{1-\frac{2}{z}} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} = \frac{z}{z-2} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{3}{3-z} , if \quad 2 < |z| < 3 </math>
 +
 +
<math>
 +
X(z) = \left\{
 +
  \begin{array}{l l}
 +
    \frac{z}{z-2} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{3}{3-z} &, if \quad 2 < |z| < 3 \\
 +
    \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise}
 +
  \end{array} \right.
 +
</math>
 +
  
 
== Question 4 ==
 
== Question 4 ==
Line 80: Line 99:
  
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+z}, \text{ ROC } |z|<1 </math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+z}, \text{ ROC } |z|<1 </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+z}=\frac{1}{1-(-z)} </math>
 +
 +
So for <math> |z|<1 </math>, we have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-z)^k = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-z)^k u[k] = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k u[k] (z)^k </math>
 +
 +
Let n = -k, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^n u[-n] {z}^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
<math>x[n]=(-1)^n u[-n] \ </math>
  
  
Line 87: Line 118:
  
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|> \frac{1}{2} </math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|> \frac{1}{2} </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2z}=\frac{1}{2z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{2z}} =\frac{1}{2z} \frac{1}{1-(-\frac{1}{2z})} </math>
 +
 +
So for <math> |z| > \frac{1}{2} </math>, we have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{2z} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-\frac{1}{2z})^k =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2z} (-2z)^{-k} = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2} (-2)^{-k} z^{-k-1} u[k] </math>
 +
 +
Let n = k+1, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2} (-2)^{1-n} z^{-n} u[n-1] =\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} -(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[n-1] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
<math>x[n]=-(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[n-1] \ </math>
 +
  
 
== Question 6 ==
 
== Question 6 ==
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<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|< \frac{1}{2} </math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|< \frac{1}{2} </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z} =\frac{1}{1-(-2z)} </math>
 +
 +
So for <math> |z| < \frac{1}{2} </math>, we have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-2z)^k =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2z)^k u[k] =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2)^k u[k] z^k </math>
 +
 +
Let n = -k, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2)^{-n} u[-n] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
<math>x[n]=(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[-n] </math>
 +
  
 
== Question 7 ==
 
== Question 7 ==
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<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  |z|<1</math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  |z|<1</math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{1-(-z)} + \frac{1}{12} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} </math>
 +
 +
So for <math> |z| < 1 </math>, we have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-z)^k + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^k </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k z^k u[k] + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{3})^k z^k u[k] </math>
 +
 +
Let n = -k, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^n u[-n] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^n u[-n] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
<math>x[n]=[\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n + \frac{1}{12} 3^n] u[-n] </math>
  
  
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<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  |z|>3</math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  |z|>3</math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{z}} - \frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1-\frac{3}{z}}) =\frac{1}{4z} (\frac{1}{1-(-\frac{1}{z})} - \frac{1}{1-\frac{3}{z}}) </math>
 +
 +
So for <math> |z| > 3 </math>, we have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4z} [\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-\frac{1}{z})^k - \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{3}{z})^k] </math>
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k z^{-k-1} u[k] - \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^k z^{-k-1} u[k] </math>
 +
 +
Let n = k+1, then
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
<math>x[n]=[-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n - \frac{1}{12} 3^n] u[n-1] </math>
 +
 +
  
 
== Question 9 ==
 
== Question 9 ==
Line 113: Line 200:
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  1< |z|<3</math>
 
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC }  1< |z|<3</math>
 
   
 
   
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{z}} + \frac{1}{12} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} </math>
 +
 +
Similarly we can have
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^n u[-n] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
when <math> 1<|z|<3 </math>,
 +
 +
<math>X(z)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} [-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n u[n-1] + \frac{1}{12} 3^n u[-n]] z^{-n} </math>
 +
 +
So, <math> x[n]=-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n u[n-1] + \frac{1}{12} 3^n u[-n] </math>
 +
 
----  
 
----  
  
  
 
[[2014_Fall_ECE_438_Boutin|Back to ECE438, Fall 2014, Prof. Boutin]]
 
[[2014_Fall_ECE_438_Boutin|Back to ECE438, Fall 2014, Prof. Boutin]]

Latest revision as of 08:11, 3 November 2014


Homework 7 Solution, ECE438 Fall 2014, Prof. Boutin

Questions 1

Compute the z-transform of the signal

$ x[n]= \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^n u[-n] $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{2})^n u[-n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^{-n} u[-n] $

Let k=-n, then

$ X(z) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (2z)^k u[k] = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (2z)^k $

$ X(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} \frac{1}{1-2z} &, if \quad |z| < \frac{1}{2}\\ \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise} \end{array} \right. $


Questions 2

Compute the z-transform of the signal

$ x[n]= 5^n u[n-3] \ $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 5^n u[n-3] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} u[n-3] $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^{n} = \frac{(\frac{5}{z})^3}{1-\frac{5}{z}} = (\frac{5}{z})^3 \frac{z}{z-5} , if \quad |z| > 5 $

$ X(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} (\frac{5}{z})^3 \frac{z}{z-5} &, if \quad |z| > 5\\ \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise} \end{array} \right. $


Questions 3

Compute the z-transform of the signal

$ x[n]= 5^{-|n|} \ $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 5^{-|n|} z^{-n} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{5z})^n + \sum_{m=-\infty}^{-1} (\frac{5}{z})^m $

Let k=-m, then

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{5z})^n + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (\frac{5}{z})^k $

$ X(z) = \frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{5z}} + \frac{ \frac{z}{5}}{1-\frac{z}{5}} = \frac{z}{z-\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{z}{5-z} , if \quad \frac{1}{5} < |z| < 5 $

$ X(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} \frac{z}{z-\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{z}{5-z} &, if \quad \frac{1}{5} < |z| < 5 \\ \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise} \end{array} \right. $


Question 4

Compute the z-transform of the signal

$ x[n]= 2^{n}u[n]+ 3^{n}u[-n+1] \ $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (2^{n}u[n]+ 3^{n}u[-n+1]) z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} 2^{n}u[n] z^{-n} + \sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^{m}u[-m+1] z^{-m} $

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n u[n] + \sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{3}{z})^{m}u[-m+1] $

Let k = -m+1, then

$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n u[n] + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^{k-1}u[k] = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{2}{z})^n + \frac{3}{z} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^{k} $

$ X(z) = \frac{1}{1-\frac{2}{z}} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} = \frac{z}{z-2} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{3}{3-z} , if \quad 2 < |z| < 3 $

$ X(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} \frac{z}{z-2} + \frac{3}{z} \frac{3}{3-z} &, if \quad 2 < |z| < 3 \\ \text{diverges} &, \quad \text{otherwise} \end{array} \right. $


Question 4

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+z}, \text{ ROC } |z|<1 $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+z}=\frac{1}{1-(-z)} $

So for $ |z|<1 $, we have

$ X(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-z)^k = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-z)^k u[k] = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k u[k] (z)^k $

Let n = -k, then

$ X(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^n u[-n] {z}^{-n} $

$ x[n]=(-1)^n u[-n] \ $


Question 5

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|> \frac{1}{2} $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2z}=\frac{1}{2z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{2z}} =\frac{1}{2z} \frac{1}{1-(-\frac{1}{2z})} $

So for $ |z| > \frac{1}{2} $, we have

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{2z} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-\frac{1}{2z})^k =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2z} (-2z)^{-k} = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2} (-2)^{-k} z^{-k-1} u[k] $

Let n = k+1, then

$ X(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2} (-2)^{1-n} z^{-n} u[n-1] =\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} -(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[n-1] z^{-n} $

$ x[n]=-(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[n-1] \ $


Question 6

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z}, \text{ ROC } |z|< \frac{1}{2} $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{1+2 z} =\frac{1}{1-(-2z)} $

So for $ |z| < \frac{1}{2} $, we have

$ X(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-2z)^k =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2z)^k u[k] =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2)^k u[k] z^k $

Let n = -k, then

$ X(z)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-2)^{-n} u[-n] z^{-n} $

$ x[n]=(-\frac{1}{2})^n u[-n] $


Question 7

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC } |z|<1 $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{1-(-z)} + \frac{1}{12} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} $

So for $ |z| < 1 $, we have

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-z)^k + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{z}{3})^k $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k z^k u[k] + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (\frac{1}{3})^k z^k u[k] $

Let n = -k, then

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^n u[-n] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^n u[-n] z^{-n} $

$ x[n]=[\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n + \frac{1}{12} 3^n] u[-n] $


Question 8

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC } |z|>3 $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{z}} - \frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1-\frac{3}{z}}) =\frac{1}{4z} (\frac{1}{1-(-\frac{1}{z})} - \frac{1}{1-\frac{3}{z}}) $

So for $ |z| > 3 $, we have

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4z} [\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-\frac{1}{z})^k - \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (\frac{3}{z})^k] $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^k z^{-k-1} u[k] - \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^k z^{-k-1} u[k] $

Let n = k+1, then

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} $

$ x[n]=[-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n - \frac{1}{12} 3^n] u[n-1] $


Question 9

Compute the inverse z-transform of

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)}, \text{ ROC } 1< |z|<3 $

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{(1+ z)(3-z)} =\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{1+z} + \frac{1}{3-z}) =\frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{z} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{z}} + \frac{1}{12} \frac{1}{1-\frac{z}{3}} $

Similarly we can have

$ X(z)=\frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^{n-1} u[n-1] z^{-n} + \frac{1}{12} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 3^n u[-n] z^{-n} $

when $ 1<|z|<3 $,

$ X(z)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} [-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n u[n-1] + \frac{1}{12} 3^n u[-n]] z^{-n} $

So, $ x[n]=-\frac{1}{4} (-1)^n u[n-1] + \frac{1}{12} 3^n u[-n] $


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