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[[Category:problem solving]]
 
[[Category:problem solving]]
 
[[Category:random variables]]
 
[[Category:random variables]]
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[[Category:probability]]
  
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= [[ECE_PhD_Qualifying_Exams|ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam]]: COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKING, SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROESSING (CS)- Question 1, August 2000=
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<center>
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<font size= 4>
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[[ECE_PhD_Qualifying_Exams|ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam]]
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</font size>
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<font size= 4>
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Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)
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Question 1: Probability and Random Processes
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</font size>
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August 2000
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</center>
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----
 
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==Question==
 
==Question==
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'''1.'''  
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'''Part 1.'''  
  
 
a) The Laplacian density function is given by <math class="inline">f\left(x\right)=\frac{A}{2}e^{-A\left|x\right|}\text{ where }A>0.</math> Determine its characteristic function.
 
a) The Laplacian density function is given by <math class="inline">f\left(x\right)=\frac{A}{2}e^{-A\left|x\right|}\text{ where }A>0.</math> Determine its characteristic function.
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b) Determine a bound on the probability that a RV is within two standard deviations of its mean.
 
b) Determine a bound on the probability that a RV is within two standard deviations of its mean.
  
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'''2.''' <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}\left(t\right)</math>  is a WSS process with its psd zero outside the interval <math class="inline">\left[-\omega_{max},\ \omega_{max}\right]</math> . If <math class="inline">R\left(\tau\right)</math>  is the autocorrelation function of <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}\left(t\right)</math> , prove the following: <math class="inline">R\left(0\right)-R\left(\tau\right)\leq\frac{1}{2}\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}R\left(0\right).</math> (Hint: <math class="inline">\left|\sin\theta\right|\leq\left|\theta\right|</math> ).
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:'''Click [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.1|here]] to view student [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.1|answers and discussions]]'''
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----
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'''Part 2.''' 
  
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'''3.''' Inquiries arrive at a recorded message device according to a Poisson process of rate 15  inquiries per minute. Find the probability that in a 1-minute period, 3 inquiries arrive during the first 10 seconds and 2 inquiries arrive during the last 15 seconds.
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<math class="inline">\mathbf{X}\left(t\right)</math>  is a WSS process with its psd zero outside the interval <math class="inline">\left[-\omega_{max},\ \omega_{max}\right]</math> . If <math class="inline">R\left(\tau\right)</math>  is the autocorrelation function of <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}\left(t\right)</math> , prove the following: <math class="inline">R\left(0\right)-R\left(\tau\right)\leq\frac{1}{2}\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}R\left(0\right).</math> (Hint: <math class="inline">\left|\sin\theta\right|\leq\left|\theta\right|</math> ).
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:'''Click [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.2|here]] to view student [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.2|answers and discussions]]'''
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----
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'''Part 3.'''
  
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'''4.''' A RV is given by <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}=\sum_{n=0}^{8}\mathbf{X}_{n}</math> where <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}_{n}</math> 's are i.i.d.  RVs with characteristic function given by <math class="inline">\Phi_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)=\frac{1}{1-j\omega/2}.</math>  
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Inquiries arrive at a recorded message device according to a Poisson process of rate 15  inquiries per minute. Find the probability that in a 1-minute period, 3 inquiries arrive during the first 10 seconds and 2 inquiries arrive during the last 15 seconds.
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:'''Click [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.3|here]] to view student [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.3|answers and discussions]]'''
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----
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'''Part 4.'''  
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A RV is given by <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}=\sum_{n=0}^{8}\mathbf{X}_{n}</math> where <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}_{n}</math> 's are i.i.d.  RVs with characteristic function given by <math class="inline">\Phi_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)=\frac{1}{1-j\omega/2}.</math>  
  
 
'''(a)''' Determine the characteristic function of <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}</math> .
 
'''(a)''' Determine the characteristic function of <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}</math> .
  
 
'''(b)''' Determine the pdf of <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}</math> . You can leave your answer in integral form.
 
'''(b)''' Determine the pdf of <math class="inline">\mathbf{Z}</math> . You can leave your answer in integral form.
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----
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:'''Click [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.4|here]] to view student [[ECE_PhD_QE_CNSIP_2000_Problem1.4|answers and discussions]]'''
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=Solution 1 (retrived from [[ECE600_QE_2000_August|here]])=
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''(a)'''
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<math class="inline">\Phi_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)=E\left[e^{i\omega\mathbf{X}}\right]=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{A}{2}e^{-A\left|x\right|}\cdot e^{i\omega x}dx=\frac{A}{2}\left[\int_{-\infty}^{0}e^{x\left(A+i\omega\right)}dx+\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{x\left(-A+i\omega\right)}dx\right]</math><math class="inline">=\frac{A}{2}\left[\frac{e^{x\left(A+i\omega\right)}}{A+i\omega}\biggl|_{-\infty}^{0}+\frac{e^{x\left(-A+i\omega\right)}}{-A+i\omega}\biggl|_{0}^{\infty}\right]=\frac{A}{2}\left[\frac{1}{A+i\omega}-\frac{1}{-A+i\omega}\right]</math><math class="inline">=\frac{A}{2}\cdot\frac{A-i\omega+A+i\omega}{A^{2}+\omega^{2}}=\frac{A^{2}}{A^{2}+\omega^{2}}.</math>
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'''(b)'''
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<math class="inline">P\left(\left\{ \left|\mathbf{X}-\overline{\mathbf{X}}\right|\leq2\sigma\right\} \right)=1-P\left(\left\{ \left|\mathbf{X}-\overline{\mathbf{X}}\right|>2\sigma\right\} \right).</math>  By [[ECE 600 Chebyshev Inequality|Chebyshev Inequality]], <math class="inline">P\left(\left\{ \left|\mathbf{X}-\overline{\mathbf{X}}\right|>2\sigma\right\} \right)\leq\frac{\sigma^{2}}{\left(2\sigma\right)^{2}}=\frac{1}{4}</math> .
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<math class="inline">P\left(\left\{ \left|\mathbf{X}-\overline{\mathbf{X}}\right|\leq2\sigma\right\} \right)\geq\frac{3}{4}.</math>
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'''2.'''
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ref. pds means the power spectral density [[ECE 600 General Concepts of Stochastic Processes The Power Spectrum|(More information on the Power Spectrum)]].
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If <math class="inline">\mathbf{X}\left(t\right)</math>  is real, then <math class="inline">R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)</math>  is real and even function.
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<math class="inline">S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)e^{-i\omega\tau}d\tau=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\left(R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)\cos\left(\omega\tau\right)-R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)i\sin\left(\omega\tau\right)\right)d\tau</math><math class="inline">=2\int_{0}^{\infty}R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)\cos\left(\omega\tau\right)d\tau\Longrightarrow\;\therefore S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\text{ is real and even function.}</math>
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<math class="inline">R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)e^{i\omega\tau}d\omega=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\cos\left(\omega\tau\right)d\omega.</math>
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<math class="inline">R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)e^{i\omega0}d\omega=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)d\omega.</math>
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<math class="inline">R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right)-R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\left(1-\cos\left(\omega\tau\right)\right)d\omega=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\left(2\sin^{2}\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right)\right)d\omega</math><math class="inline">\leq\frac{2}{\pi}\left|\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\sin^{2}\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right)d\omega\right|\leq\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}\left|S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\right|\left|\sin\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right)\right|^{2}d\omega</math><math class="inline">\leq\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}\left|S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\right|\left(\frac{\omega^{2}\tau^{2}}{4}\right)d\omega\leq\frac{\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\omega_{max}}\left|S_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)\right|d\omega</math><math class="inline">\leq\frac{\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}}{2\pi}\pi R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right)=\frac{\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}}{2}R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right).</math>
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<math class="inline">\therefore R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right)-R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\tau\right)\leq\frac{1}{2}\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}R_{\mathbf{X}}\left(0\right).</math>
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<math class="inline">\because\cos\left(\omega\tau\right)=\cos^{2}\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right)-\sin^{2}\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right)=1-2\sin^{2}\left(\frac{\omega\tau}{2}\right).</math>
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'''3.'''
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<math class="inline">\lambda=\frac{15}{60\text{ sec}}=\frac{1}{4}\text{ sec}^{-1}.</math>
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<math class="inline">P\left(\left\{ N\left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)=k\right\} \right)=\frac{\left(\left(\lambda\left(t_{2}-t_{1}\right)\right)^{k}e^{-\lambda\left(t_{2}-t_{1}\right)}\right)}{k!}.</math>
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<math class="inline">P\left(\left\{ N\left(0,10\right)=3\right\} \cap\left\{ N\left(45,60\right)=2\right\} \right)=P\left(\left\{ N\left(0,10\right)=3\right\} \right)P\left(\left\{ N\left(45,60\right)=2\right\} \right)</math><math class="inline">=\frac{\left(\frac{1}{4}\times10\right)^{3}e^{-\frac{1}{4}\times10}}{3!}\times\frac{\left(\frac{1}{4}\times15\right)^{2}e^{-\frac{1}{4}\times15}}{2!}</math><math class="inline">=\frac{1}{12}\cdot\left(\frac{5}{2}\right)^{3}\left(\frac{15}{4}\right)^{2}e^{-\frac{25}{4}}.</math>
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'''4.'''
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'''(a)'''
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<math class="inline">\Phi_{\mathbf{Z}}\left(\omega\right)=E\left[e^{i\omega\mathbf{Z}}\right]=E\left[e^{i\omega\sum_{n=0}^{8}\mathbf{X}_{n}}\right]=E\left[\prod_{n=0}^{8}e^{i\omega\mathbf{X}_{n}}\right]=\prod_{n=0}^{8}E\left[e^{i\omega\mathbf{X}_{n}}\right]=\left(\frac{1}{1-j\omega/2}\right)^{9}.</math>
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'''(b)'''
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<math class="inline">f_{\mathbf{Z}}\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\Phi_{\mathbf{Z}}\left(\omega\right)e^{-i\omega z}d\omega=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\frac{1}{1-j\omega/2}\right)^{9}e^{-i\omega z}d\omega.</math>
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----
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==Solution 2==
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Write it here.
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[[ECE_PhD_Qualifying_Exams|Back to ECE Qualifying Exams (QE) page]]
 
[[ECE_PhD_Qualifying_Exams|Back to ECE Qualifying Exams (QE) page]]

Latest revision as of 09:19, 13 September 2013


ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam

Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)

Question 1: Probability and Random Processes

August 2000

Question

Part 1.

a) The Laplacian density function is given by $ f\left(x\right)=\frac{A}{2}e^{-A\left|x\right|}\text{ where }A>0. $ Determine its characteristic function.

b) Determine a bound on the probability that a RV is within two standard deviations of its mean.

Click here to view student answers and discussions

Part 2.

$ \mathbf{X}\left(t\right) $ is a WSS process with its psd zero outside the interval $ \left[-\omega_{max},\ \omega_{max}\right] $ . If $ R\left(\tau\right) $ is the autocorrelation function of $ \mathbf{X}\left(t\right) $ , prove the following: $ R\left(0\right)-R\left(\tau\right)\leq\frac{1}{2}\omega_{max}^{2}\tau^{2}R\left(0\right). $ (Hint: $ \left|\sin\theta\right|\leq\left|\theta\right| $ ).

Click here to view student answers and discussions

Part 3.

Inquiries arrive at a recorded message device according to a Poisson process of rate 15 inquiries per minute. Find the probability that in a 1-minute period, 3 inquiries arrive during the first 10 seconds and 2 inquiries arrive during the last 15 seconds.

Click here to view student answers and discussions

Part 4.

A RV is given by $ \mathbf{Z}=\sum_{n=0}^{8}\mathbf{X}_{n} $ where $ \mathbf{X}_{n} $ 's are i.i.d. RVs with characteristic function given by $ \Phi_{\mathbf{X}}\left(\omega\right)=\frac{1}{1-j\omega/2}. $

(a) Determine the characteristic function of $ \mathbf{Z} $ .

(b) Determine the pdf of $ \mathbf{Z} $ . You can leave your answer in integral form.

Click here to view student answers and discussions

Back to ECE Qualifying Exams (QE) page

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