Does anyone have any advice for studying for the final. I don't know about everyone in the class but I am pretty lost on all the material after the final. I am just praying that I pass this class. Maybe we should all get together to study for the final. Any ideas? -Herr- Does anyone know why x^4 + 1 is reducible mod p for any prime. Is this because x^4 + 1 mod 3 has 2*4 + 1 = 9 mod 3 = 0??? Because 0^4 + 1 = 1, 1^4 + 1 = 2, 2^4 + 1 = 17 do not seem to be 0 mod 3.